How to Reset Root Password in HP-UX Operating System

In this article, We will learn how to recover or reset the root password in HP-UX operating system.

If you lost the root password on system running on HP-UX operating system, Please follow the below procedure step by step.

1. In the first step, please power on the HP-UX machine and boot the server into single user mode.

To boot the server in single user mode their is several way. Please find the simple way as described below.

Selecting a system to boot. To stop selection process, press and hold the ESCAPE key

Auto boot from primary boot path enabled. To override, press any key within 10 seconds.

Type boot pri isl at the prompt:
boot pri

At the ISL> prompt:, type
hpux -is /stand/vmunix

OR

hpux -is

Here, In above example, the -i option is used to make the system come up in run-level s, for single user mode of operation.

2. In second step while system booting into single user mode you need to interrrupt while booting the server. Once you interrupt the server you will get the HP-UX prompt so you can boot it in single user mode.

hpx:/>boot -is

3. In this step , you need to mount the "/usr" file system on HP-UX operating system server.

hpx:/>mount /usr

4. If it is trusted system on HP-UX operating platform then you need to run the below command on trusted system.

hpx:/>/usr/lbin/tsconvert -r


5. Now, in this step we will reset the root password. For this process we have two method to reset the root password on HP-UX operating system.

Method 1:

hpx:/>passwd root
using above command we can normally reset the root password and set the new password.

Method 2:

hpx:/> vi /etc/passwd

null the password field for root user, so root password will be reset.

6. If root user is locked then unlock using below command.

hpx:/>/usr/lbin/modprpw -k root

7. Once server is up in runlevel 3 again u need to convert as trusted systems.

hpx:/>/usr/lbin/tsconvert

So using above method you can reset the root password on HP-UX operating system server. Please comment on the post if you are facing any issue related to this post.

How To Reset Root Password In AIX Operating System

When you will forget the root password on AIX operatings system then it is difficult to us to recover the root password again. So in this post I will explain step by step to you how to reset the root password in AIX.

Their are several ways using which we can reset the root password on AIX, here I will provide you step by step method to reset root password.

1. In the first step , You need to insert the operating system same version media disk on cd/dvd rom and power on the AIX machine.

2. When the screen of icons appears, or you hear a double beep sound from hardware of AIX, please press the F1 key repeatedly until the System Management Services menu appears.

3. Select Multiboot option from the SMS (System Management Services) menu

4. Select Install From option from multiboot screen.

5. Select the device (CD rom) that keep the AIX operating system image and then select Install.

6. Select the AIX version icon from the screen menu.

7. Please describe your current system as the system console by pressing the F1 key and then press Enter.

8. In this step you need to select the number of your preferred language and press Enter. In my case I use global language "English".

9. Once you select the language in this step you need to select Start Maintenance Mode for System Recovery by typing 3 and press Enter.

10. In the second last step you can ingnore the messages like that "select Access a Root Volume Group". 

A message displays explaining that you will not be able to return to the Installation menus without rebooting if you change the root volume group at this point.

11. Please Type 0 and press Enter.

Type the number of the appropriate volume group from the list and press Enter.

Select Access this Volume Group and start a shell by typing 1 and press Enter.

At the # (number sign) prompt, type the passwd command at the command line prompt to reset the root password.

# passwd

Changing password for "root"

root's New password: 

Enter the new password again:

12. In the final step , you need to write everything from the buffer to the hard disk and reboot the system.

sync;sync;sync;reboot

When the login screen appears, the password you set in above step 11 should now permit access to root privileges.

Hope, you like this post , using this post we can easily reset the root password in AIX operating system. If you are facing any issue please comment on this post.

How to Increase or extend the size of a Linux LVM by adding a new hard disk

Hello Friends,

This post will cover how to increase the disk space for a VMware virtual machine running Linux that is using logical volume manager (LVM). Firstly we will add a new disk to the virtual machine and then extend the original LVM over this additional space.

As there are a number of different ways to increase disk space but I have also posted simple and step by step method. Using this method I am sure you will increase the space easily.

1. First of all before adding any hard disk please run the below command to check the how much space is currently left on the VG group.

#vgdisplay 

If you see above image you can found the volume group name, in my case it is "rootvg".

2. Now run the below command to see the existing LVM disk is currently used in LVM.

#fdisk -l

You can see the above output, the /dev/sda2 hard disk is in used for existing LVM. Now you can add new hard disk on the server.

3. Once you added the new hard disk on the server to increase the size on Linux LVM, lets assume the new hard disk labelled is /dev/sdb. In this step we will need to partition the new hard disk so we can use it.

#fdisk /dev/sdb

It should show us below message to us for next selection.

root@localhost:~# fdisk /dev/sdb
Command (m for help): n

Please select the "n" for adding a new partition. Once we will select the "n" for new partition it is show to us below screen.

Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)p

We will select the "p" for primary partition so we will add new had disk /dev/sdb as a primary partition.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Partition number (1-4): 1

First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): "enter"
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): "enter"
Using default value 2610
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In above screen, we will select 1 for primary partition and make a default settings.

‘t’ is selected to change to a partitions system ID, in this case we change to ’1′ automatically as this is currently our only partition.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The hex code ’8e’ was entered as this is the code for a Linux LVM which is what we want this partition to be, as we will be joining it with the original Linux LVM which is currently using /dev/sda4.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
‘w’ is used to write the table to disk and exit, all changes that have been done will be saved and then you will be exited from fdisk.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

By using “fdisk -l” now you will be able to see that /dev/sdb1 is listed, this is the new partition created on our newly added /dev/sdb disk.

4. Now we will create a physical volume with this newly added hard disk /dev/sdb1. For physical volume creation we will use "pvcreate" command.

#pvcreate /dev/sdb1
Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.

In above command output, you can see the /dev/sdb1 physical volume group has been created.

5. Now the most important steps of this post is using physical volume you can extend or create a new volume group.

If you want to extend the logical volume size of existing Volume group then please use the below command and method. 

#vgextend test /dev/sdb1

In my case my VG name is "test" so I will extend the space in existing VG "test".

If you want to create the new logical voume and want to add physical volume in new VG, please use the below command and method.

#vgcreate rootvg /dev/sdb1

In this case my new VG name is "rootvg".

So, as per my this post, you can add new hard disk in to existing volume group or newly created volume group. Using this volume group you can create or extend the Linux LVM size.

How to check Operating Systems Version is 64-bit or 32-Bit

Hello Friends,

In this post, you can see how we will check the operating system is 32 bit or 64 bit. Normally when we download any software on Unix platform they have dependency regarding the operating system version. So after following my this post you can easily get the information about the operating system version information.
When you work on Unix operating system then you must know the version of operating system. Because without getting exact version of OS, you can not install the packages on the Linux system.

Here, I mentioned the command and their output using these commands you can easily found the version of operating system. It is 32 bit or 64 bit.

Linux Operating System:

#uname –a
Linux vibhor 3.10.0-229.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Mar 6 11:36:42 UTC 2015 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

#uname  -m
x86_64

If the output has "x86_64",the environment is 64 bit.

Solaris Operating System:

#isainfo options

-v         Prints detailed information about the other options
-b         Prints the number of bits in the address space of the native instruction set.
-n         Prints the name of the native instruction set used by portable applications supported by the current version of the OS.
-k         Prints the name of the instruction set or sets that are used by the OS kernel components such as device drivers and STREAMS modules.

[vibhor]# isainfo -v

64-bit sparcv9 applications
        ima fmaf vis2 vis popc
32-bit sparc applications
        ima fmaf vis2 vis popc v8plus div32 mul32

[vibhor]# isainfo -b
64

[vibhor]#isainfo
sparcv9 sparc

The output for the above command should be sparcv9 sparc for a 64-bit operating System.

AIX Operating System:

vibhor:/> getconf -a | grep KERN
KERNEL_BITMODE:                         64

vibhor:/> bootinfo -y
64

The output of the above command should be 64 for a 64-bit hardware. The command must be executed as root.

Note: on AIX, the -y option will specify if the hardware is 32- or 64-bit mode while bootinfo -k will specify if the kernel is 32- or 64-bit (this command must be run as root).

HP-UX Operating system:
         
 hpx:/> getconf KERNEL_BITS
 64
         
The output of the above command should be 64 for a 64-bit operating system.

SQL command for MySQL database on Linux operating system

In this post, i will explain you how we will create, import, export & backup of MySQL database.

Please find the below points which is very useful to database admin on Linux operating system.

How to create new database:

CREATE DATABASE <DATABASENAME>;

e.g. CREATE DATABASE VIBHOR;

In this example I have created the "vibhor" named database, you can replace database name according to your choice.

How to create mater user with all level access to all available databases:

GRANT ALL ON *.* TO <USERNAME> IDENTIFIED BY '<PASSWORD>';

e.g. GRANT ALL ON *.* TO TESTDBUSER IDENTIFIED BY 'TESTDBUSER';

In this example I used "testdbuser" MySQL user on the server. 

How to take backup (dump) of a database:

For this command you need not to login into the database. Once you login on the database please run the below command to take a dump of server.

mysqldump --lock-all-tables -u <USERNAME> -p -h <DATABASESERVERNAME/IP ADDRESS> <DATABASENAME> > <NEWDUMPFILENAME>.sql

e.g. mysqldump --lock-all-tables -u ABC -p -h MACHINE1 VIBHOR > VIBHOR_16022017.sql

After this command you have to provide DB password only and dump will be done in the folder in which u are working currently.

How to take backup (dump) of a table's:

For this command you need not to login into the database.

mysqldump -u <USERNAME> -p <DATABASENAME> <TABLENAME> > <NEWDUMPFILENAME>.sql

e.g. mysqldump -u testdbuser -p testdb test_book > test.sql

After this command you have to provide DB password only and dump will be done in the folder in which u are working currently. for dumping multiple table use space between the table names.

How to run a database dump to another machine:

Go to the folder in which sql dump file is placed and then connect with your Database in which you want to run dump and then run below command.

source <FILENAME>.sql;

e.g source VIBHOR_16022017.sql;

How to take dump only triggers and procedure from database:

mysqldump --routines --no-create-info --no-data --no-create-db --skip-opt -u <USERNAME> -p <DATABASENAME> > <NEWDUMPFILENAME>.sql

e.g. mysqldump --routines --no-create-info --no-data --no-create-db --skip-opt -u TESTDBSUER -p VIBHOR > VIBHOR_16022017.sql

After this command you have to provide DB password only and dump will be done in the folder in which u are working currently.

How to show procedure/function code:

SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE <STORED PROCEDURE/FUNCTION NAME>\G

e.g. SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE FLIGHT_INVOICETOSAP\G;

How to increase filed width of a table attribute:

ALTER TABLE <TABLENAME> CHANGE <EXISTING_FIELD_NAME> <NEW_FIELD_NAME> <DATATYPE>(<NEW_FIELD_WIDTH>);

e.g. ALTER TABLE TRILOK CHANGE PASSENGER_NO PASSENGER_NUMBER VARCHAR(30);

field name and data type change is not recommended.

How to display all existing databases:

SHOW DATABASES;

Using this command you can show all the created database list on the Linux server.

How to display all existing tables:

SHOW TABLES; 

SHOW TABLES LIKE '<CHARACTERS>%';

Using this command you can check all the tables which is created on the database. 

How to recover a MySQL root password:

This is one of the best way to recover the MySQL root password if you forget. I always used below method to reset the root password.

• Stop the MySQL server process.

# /etc/init.d/mysql stop

• Start again with no grant tables.

# mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables &

• Login to MySQL as root. Set new password.

# mysql -u root

mysql> use mysql;

mysql> update user set password=PASSWORD("newrootpassword") where User='root';

mysql> flush privileges;

mysql> quit

• Exit MySQL and restart MySQL server.

# /etc/init.d/mysql stop

# /etc/init.d/mysql start

• Set a root password if there is on root password.

# mysqladmin -u root password newpassword

• Update a root password.

# mysqladmin -u root -p oldpassword newpassword

How to grant privileges to a user:

If we need to provide the privileges to user we will use below two method. I will describe the step by step method for this one.

METHOD 1

Allow the user "bob" to connect to the server from localhost using the password "passwd". Login as root. Switch to the MySQL db. Give privs. Update privs.

# mysql -u root -p

mysql> use mysql;

mysql> grant usage on *.* to bob@localhost identified by 'passwd';

mysql> flush privileges;

Give user privileges for a db. Login as root. Switch to the MySQL db. Grant privs. Update privs.

# mysql -u root -p

mysql> use mysql;

mysql>INSERT INTO user (Host,Db,User,Select_priv,Insert_priv,Update_priv,Delete_priv,Create_priv,Drop_priv) VALUES ('%','databasename','username','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','N');

mysql> flush privileges;

METHOD 2

mysql> grant all privileges on databasename.* to username@localhost;

mysql> flush privileges;

To update info already in a table.

Load a CSV file into a table:

mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE '/tmp/filename.csv' replace INTO TABLE [table name] FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' (field1,field2,field3);

Dump all databases for backup:

Backup file is SQL commands to recreate all databases.

# [mysql dir]/bin/mysqldump -u root -ppassword --opt >/tmp/alldatabases.sql

Dump one database for backup.

# [mysql dir]/bin/mysqldump -u username -p password --databases databasename >/tmp/databasename.sql

Dump a table from a database.

# [mysql dir]/bin/mysqldump -c -u username -p password databasename tablename > /tmp/databasename.tablename.sql

Restore database (or database table) from backup.

# [mysql dir]/bin/mysql -u username -p password databasename < /tmp/databasename.sql

Create Table Example 1.

Using above method we can take database back very fast. I hope through this post you can easily able to create MySQL database, MySQL dump, table creation etc work.

How to boot AIX to Single User Mode in order to perform maintenance

In this post, I will explain to you, how do we boot AIX server to single user mode in order to perform maintenance. AIX is IPM operating system which is widely used today.

In AIX operating system we do not need to use single user mode very much, because many problems or issues require having the root file systems unmounted for repairs. 

In my post you can found the list of some issues when it's good to use single-user.

• System boot hangs due to NFS configuration issues
• Debug problems with entries in /etc/inittab
• If you want to work on the system without users login to attempt.
• If you want to work without applications starting up

Normally when we repair any file system if it is get crashed then we use "fsck" utility and their command but for this repair process the good condition is you need to unmount /tmp & /var file system.

If the system boots fine from the root volume group, then booting into single-user to repair or perform work has advantages. These advantages of this as listed below.

• Its boots faster than Maintenance Mode.
• It allows you to run all commands you would normally have access to in multi user.
• Unlike maintenance mode, there is no possibility that hdisks will be renamed.

Procedure to boot AIX operating system to Single User mode: 

I will explain you two way to boot the system in single user mode which is describe below.

Standalone System (no HMC):

• First boot system with no media in the CD/DVD drive on AIX operating system.
• Wait until you see the options of choosing another boot list, and hear beeps on the console
• Press 6 to start diagnostics

System using an HMC:

• Select the LPAR in the HMC GUI
• Select Operations -> Activate
• In the Activate window, click the button that says "Advanced"
• Change "Boot mode" to "Diagnostic with stored boot list"
• Click "OK" to save that change, then "OK" again to activate.

After above steps you will get the below screen on the AIX operating system monitor. If these below message you get that's means your operating system boot process is already start.

IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM

IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM IBM

1 = SMS Menu 5 = Default Boot List

8 = Open Firmware Prompt 6 = Stored Boot List

You will see the normal AIX boot header, since you are booting from your system hard disk:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                Welcome to AIX.

                       boot image timestamp: 11:55 02/15

                 The current time and date: 15:35:02 02/15/2017

               number of processors: 2    size of memory: 4096MB

          boot device: /vdevice/v-scsi@70000007/disk@2300000000000000

                     kernel size: 15034876; 64 bit kernel

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Now you will get the diagnostic license information page and their message on the screen which are describe as below. Several keys are used to control the diagnostics:

• The Enter key continues the procedure or performs an action.
• The Backspace key allows keying errors to be corrected.
• The cursor keys are used to select an option.

Now, please press Enter. The next screen will show you Diagnostic Functions you can perform. On newer versions of firmware you will see Option 5 to start Single User Mode.

On older firmware you will have to go to, 3. Task selection and scroll way down and select 'Start Shell' or 'Single User Mode'

Function Selection:

1. Diagnostic Routines: This selection will test the machine hardware. Wrap plugs and other advanced functions will not be used.

2. Advanced Diagnostic Routines: This selection will test the machine hardware. Wrap plugs and other advanced functions will be used.

3. Task Selection(Diagnostics, Advanced Diagnostics, Service Aids, etc.): This selection will list the tasks supported by these procedures. Once a task is selected, a resource menu may be presented showing all resources supported by the task.

4. Resource Selection: This selection will list the resources in the system that are supported by the diagnostic programs. Once a resource is selected, a task menu will be presented showing all tasks that can be run on the resource(s).

5. Single User Mode: The system will enter single-user mode for software maintenance.

To make a selection, type the number and press Enter [1]: 5

Once you select the 5, you can find the below message on screen.

The system will now continue the boot process.  Please wait...

Saving Base Customize Data to boot disk

Starting the sync daemon

Starting the error daemon

System initialization completed.

It is asking for password , you may enter the password and login on single user mode, after login please check the mounted file system using "df" command.

If you want to exit single user mode and boot into multi user mode then you need to run the 

To exit single-user mode and boot into multiuser in RunLevel 2 use:

aix:/>telinit 2

Once you will press this command you can logout from single user mode to multi user mode. I hope you like my post and all the information which i have mention it. 

Step by Step NFS Server and Client Configuration in HP-UX

In this post, I will explain step by step method of NFS server and client configuration on HP-UX operating system. Network File System is a distriubted file system which allows a client computer to access a file system that shared on another computer’s or server's.

NFS server is configured on the server locally on attached physically disk. On my HP-UX server i will configured the NFS server and for client you can use same HP-UX operating machine or other linux machine.

We can used the below NFS server IP and client IP on my own HP-UX machine and Linux machine.

NFS Server : 10.135.0.27 and share folder /backup

NFS Client : 10.135.0.2 and mount point /home/backup

Steps involved to configure the NFS Server:

1. First we will make sure both NFS server(10.135.0.27) and client(10.135.0.2) are accessible. After that we will make an entry in /etc/hosts or Configure it in DNS to resolve the IP if you use server name instead of IP address. But in our case we will use IP address instead of name.

hpx:/>vi /etc/hosts

10.135.0.27 hpxnfsserver

10.135.0.2 hpxnfsclient

The /etc/hosts entry would we same on both server and client machine so it can be accessible to each other.

2. In second step we will identify the folder to be export from server to the client. On my HP-UX server machine, I am going to export the folder /backup.

3. Now we will change the shared folder permission, normally we don't provide the read/write access to shared folder but in my case for testing purpose i will provide the (777) permission so that NFS client user can read/write the data on shared folder.

hpx:/>#chmod 777 /backup

4. In this step we change the NFS_SERVER=1 to enable your server to act as a NFS Server in the configuration file /etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf

hpx:/>vi /etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf

Change the NFS_SERVER parameter as follow.

NFS_SERVER=1

PCNFS_SERVER=0

START_NFSLOGD=0

START_MOUNTD=1

MOUNTD_OPTIONS=""

Save and exit the file.

5. In final step we will add an entry of our shared folder in the export file /etc/dfs/dfstab with proper permission.

#vi /etc/dfs/dfstab

/usr/sbin/share -F nfs -o rw -d “Test directory” /backup

Save and exit the file.

If you see the above line "/backup is shared folder and we will provide the "rw" read/write access to this folder.

6. Now please restart the nfs service on NFS server and make it permanent so after reboot of HP-UX server the shared folder is not umount.

hpx:/>/sbin/init.d/nfs.server stop

hpx:/>/sbin/init.d/nfs.server start

7. Using below command we can check the NFS folder is shared or not and also we can ensure which client can access this machine.

hpx:/>/usr/sbin/exportfs -av

shareall -F nfs

Steps involved to access the NFS shared folder to the NFS clients:

1. Now for NFS client configuration i will login on my Linux machine.In my case i will use my Centos machine as a client, You can select your NFS client machine as per your requirement.

2. On client machine, please select the mount point to where we have to mount the NFS shared folder /backup which we exported from NFS Server 10.135.0.27. On my Linux machine, I will mount it on /home/backup.

3. In this step we will verify the list of shares available on client machine. Please use the below "showmount" command to check which NFS shared folder is accessible.

hpx:/>showmount -e 10.135.0.27

export list for 10.135.0.27

/backup

If we get the output, server side export configuration doesnt have any problem between nfs server and client.

3. In next step we will mount the nfs share locally on our desintation mount point folder.

hpx:/>mount 10.135.0.27:/backup /home/backup

4. In final step, you can check the NFS mount folder using "bdf" command. It is show you the mount folder where all existing data is store. For testing purpose you can create any file on /home/backup.

Hope, you will like my this post, it is cover all the installation and configuration part step by step. Please let me know if you encouter any issue during NFS configuration on HP-UX machine.